Attitude — Content, Structure, Function & Formation Mechanisms

What should you study in Attitude?

• Attitude components — cognitive (beliefs), affective (feelings), behavioural (actions)
• Formation — conditioning, observational learning, cognitive dissonance
• Types — explicit vs implicit attitudes; self-serving bias
• Functions — knowledge, ego-defensive, value-expressive, utilitarian

How often is Attitude asked in UPSC Mains?

Asked in 5 of 10 years, including 2 of the last 5. Highlighted years below are the ones it appeared in.

1. 2016: asked
2. 2017: not asked
3. 2018: asked
4. 2019: not asked
5. 2020: asked
6. 2021: not asked
7. 2022: asked
8. 2023: not asked
9. 2024: asked
10. 2025: not asked

About the Mains GS Paper IV paper

GS Paper IV is the 250-mark Mains paper on ethics, integrity and aptitude, including case studies. See all 34 Mains GS Paper IV topics.

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