Money Laundering, Black Money & Hawala

What should you study in Money Laundering, Black Money & Hawala?

• Money laundering — Placement, Layering, Integration; PMLA 2002
• Hawala — informal value transfer; ED enforcement
• Crypto regulation — Virtual Digital Assets; PMLA application to crypto exchanges
• Terror financing — FATF recommendations; India's technical compliance

How often is Money Laundering, Black Money & Hawala asked in UPSC Mains?

Asked in 3 of 10 years, including 1 of the last 5. Highlighted years below are the ones it appeared in.

1. 2016: not asked
2. 2017: asked
3. 2018: not asked
4. 2019: not asked
5. 2020: asked
6. 2021: not asked
7. 2022: not asked
8. 2023: asked
9. 2024: not asked
10. 2025: not asked

About the Mains GS Paper III paper

GS Paper III is a 250-mark descriptive Mains paper covering technology, economic development, biodiversity, environment, security and disaster management. See all 50 Mains GS Paper III topics.

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